History Made Every Day™

PHILLIPS, William D.

(1948–    ), American physicist and Nobel laureate. Born in Wilkes-Barre, Pa., he was educated at Juniata College in Huntingdon, Pa., and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received his Ph.D. in 1976. Phillips served on the faculty at MIT from 1970 until 1978 when he joined the NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. (q.v.; now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) in Gaithersburg, Md. At the Institute, he and his colleagues built on the experiments of American physicist Steven Chu to develop new methods for measuring temperatures of laser-cooled atoms. They used laser beams to bring the temperature down to 40 microkelvins. By 1988 they had pioneered the use of magnetic traps to increase the efficiency of Chu's laser beams and brought the speed of the trapped atoms down from the 30 cm (12 in) per second achieved by Chu. In collaboration with the French physicist Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and his research team, Phillips showed that cesium atoms could be cooled to about ten times the recoil limit, that is, 2 microkelvins.

Phillips, Chu, and Cohen-Tannoudji shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in physics “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light.”

An article from Funk & Wagnalls® New Encyclopedia. © 2006 World Almanac Education Group. A WRC Media Company. All rights reserved. Except as otherwise permitted by written agreement, uses of the work inconsistent with U.S. and applicable foreign copyright and related laws are prohibited.

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