THE MAYFLOWER

The vessel in which the Pilgrims crossed the Atlantic Ocean to the New World in 1620. As originally conceived, the expedition included another vessel, the Speedwell, but the latter proved unseaworthy. The Mayflower, about 180 gross tons and carrying 101 passengers, finally got under way from Plymouth, England, on Sept. 16, 1620. The ship was headed for Virginia, where the colonists had been authorized to settle. As a result of stormy weather and navigational errors, the vessel failed to make good its course, and on November 21 the Mayflower rounded the end of Cape Cod and dropped anchor off the site of present-day Provincetown, Mass.

The Mayflower remained anchored for the next few weeks while a party from the ship explored Cape Cod and its environs in search of a satisfactory site for the colony. Peregrine White, the first European child born in New England, was delivered on the Mayflower in the interim. On December 21, an area having been selected, the Pilgrims disembarked from the Mayflower near the head of Cape Cod and founded Plymouth, the first permanent settlement in New England.

The Pilgrims were probably more than 800 km (500 mi) northeast of their intended destination in Virginia. The patent for their settlement in the New World, issued by the London Co., was no longer binding, and some among the passengers desired total independence from their shipmates. To prevent this, 41 of the adult male passengers, including John Alden, William Bradford, William Brewster, John Carver, Myles Standish, and Edward Winslow, gathered in the cabin of the Mayflower and formulated and signed the Mayflower Compact; all adult males were required to sign. The Mayflower Compact was the first constitution written in America. It consolidated the passengers into a "civil body politic," which had the power to frame and enact laws appropriate to the general good of the planned settlement. All colonists were bound to obey the ordinances so enacted. This compact established rule of the majority, which remained a primary principle of government in Plymouth Colony until its absorption by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

The threat of James I to "harry them out of the land" sent a band of religious dissenters from England to Holland in 1608. They were known as Separatists because they wished to cut all ties with the established church. In 1620, some of them, known now as the Pilgrims, joined with a larger group in England to set sail on the Mayflower for the New World. A joint stock company financed their venture.

In November, they sighted Cape Cod and decided to land an exploring party at Plymouth Harbor. A rebellious group picked up at Southampton and London troubled the Pilgrim leaders, however, and to control their actions 41 Pilgrims drew up the Mayflower Compact and signed it before going ashore. The voluntary agreement to govern themselves was America's first written constitution. It reads as follows:

PLYMOUTH

The Colony of New Plymouth, colony founded in the New World by the Pilgrim Fathers. The foundation of this colony was one of the major events in the early history of the American colonies. In the reign of Elizabeth I, queen of England, one of the sects of Puritans known as Brownists separated from the new Protestant Church of England and after much persecution took refuge in the Netherlands. They finally determined to immigrate to America. A group of London investors financed them in exchange for most of their produce from America during their first six years. Their ship, the Mayflower, taking on many other passengers to fill the boat, sailed from Plymouth, England, for America on Sept. 16, 1620. When they reached the American coast, strong winds drove the Mayflower into Provincetown Harbor, at the end of Cape Cod. They wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact, forming the first constitutional American political democracy. After some exploration they settled on the site of what is now Plymouth, Mass. The Plymouth Colony later united with other New England colonies to form the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691.

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