Harold Ickes

Harold Ickes was a social activist who became a prominent member of the New Deal Democratic administration of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Admitted to the Illinois bar in 1907, Ickes early developed an aroused social conscience; he worked as a volunteer in a settlement house, frequently handled civil liberties cases without pay, and fought for municipal reform and the curbing of public utilities. Vacillating for many years between the two major political parties, he helped swing liberal Republicans to the opposition in the 1932 elections; he was, therefore, a natural choice for secretary of the interior when Roosevelt was seeking a progressive Republican for his Cabinet. Ickes became one of the most energetic and dedicated New Dealers in Washington and a lifelong supporter of the President. In his new post he fought for the preservation of natural resources against exploitation by private interests.

Ickes won a wider reputation as head of the Public Works Administration (PWA; 1933–39). He spent money so carefully that many of his projects—ranging from highways and public buildings to huge Western dams—were slow getting under way, thereby failing to stimulate the depressed national economy as early as desired. Despite the expenditure of more than $5,000,000,000, however, Ickes' numerous PWA contracts were virtually graft-proof. One of his most valuable services to consumers was in establishing “yardsticks” for electric-power rates through federal and municipal power projects.

During presidential campaigns, Ickes became known as “Roosevelt's hatchet man” because of his colourful attacks upon Republican candidates; between campaigns he feuded with almost equal vigour with several of his Democratic colleagues, and his trenchant opinions of many others were recorded in his lively diary, published posthumously (The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, 3 vol., 1953–54). He resigned in February 1946 after a dispute with Pres. Harry S. Truman.

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Bismarck sunk by Royal Navy, 1941

On May 27, 1941, the British navy sinks the German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic near France. The German death toll was more than 2,000. On…

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