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Booker T. Washington
Washington was the foremost black educator, power broker, and institution builder of his time.
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Civil Rights Movement History
The civil rights movement in the United States was devoted to securing equal freedoms and opportunities for African-Americans.
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Congress of Racial Equality
The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) played a pivotal role in the early years of the American Civil Rights Movement.
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Harlem Renaissance
Spanning the 1920s to the mid-1930s, this literary, artistic and intellectual movement kindled a new black cultural identity.
This was a major step on the road to black militancy. Its beginnings may be traced to the publication in 1903 of The Souls of Black Folk by W. E. B. Du Bois, the first black American to earn a doctorate from Harvard. That book included an essay, 'Of Mr. Booker T. Washington and Others,' which attacked Washington'sAtlanta Compromise speech and accused him of abandoning the fight for black political rights and accepting segregation in exchange for illusory economic gains.
In 1905, Du Bois and several other black supporters wishing to meet gathered at Niagara Falls, but on the Canadian side since no hotel on the American side would allow them to register. They drafted a list of demands that included an end to segregation and to discrimination in unions, the courts, and public accommodations, as well as equality of economic and educational opportunity.
Although the Niagara movement attracted the attention of like-minded whites, it had little impact on legislative or popular opinion. But after race riots in Springfield, Illinois, in 1909, a group of white progressives-including the social worker Jane Addams, the philosopher John Dewey, the novelist William Dean Howells, and the editor Oswald Garrison Villard, a grandson of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison-formed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (naacp). They adopted many of the goals of the Niagara movement and hired its leader, Du Bois, as director of publicity and research, and editor of their journal, Crisis.
The Reader's Companion to American History. Eric Foner and John A. Garraty, Editors. Copyright © 1991 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
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