Edwin M. Stanton

Edwin M. Stanton (born Dec. 19, 1814, Steubenville, Ohio, U.S.—died Dec. 24, 1869, Washington, D.C.) secretary of war who, under President Abraham Lincoln, tirelessly presided over the giant Union military establishment during most of the American Civil War (1861–65).

Admitted to the Ohio bar in 1836, Stanton became a highly successful attorney. In 1847 he moved to Pittsburgh and nine years later to Washington, D.C., where he built a wide practice in the federal courts.

During all these years Stanton remained a staunch Democrat but grew steadily more outspoken in support of antislavery measures. In December 1860 he was appointed attorney general by President James Buchanan. In that capacity, as tension accelerated between North and South, he opposed the abandonment of Fort Sumter in the Charleston, S.C., harbour by Union forces. Fearing the success of secessionist influences, he secretly advised Republican leaders of the Cabinet's proceedings. Although he was a caustic critic of President-elect Lincoln in this period, he was, nevertheless, made legal adviser to Lincoln's secretary of war, Simon Cameron, and, when Cameron resigned under fire less than a year later, Stanton accepted appointment as his successor (Jan. 13, 1862). During the remainder of the Civil War, he proved an able, energetic administrator, despite his nervous, asthmatic constitution and cranky, contradictory temperament. Exceedingly patriotic and zealous in his honesty, he insisted on tighter management of his department, gave short shrift to patronage seekers, and continually pushed for a more aggressive prosecution of the war. He provoked violent quarrels with nearly every important federal military commander.

After the assassination of Lincoln (April 1865), Stanton played a leading role in the investigation and trial of the conspirators, and for a short time he virtually directed the conduct of government in the stricken capital. He agreed to continue in his post under Pres. Andrew Johnson and skillfully managed the demobilization of Union forces. Stanton was soon at loggerheads with Johnson, however, over the nature of Reconstruction policy toward the defeated South. The secretary of war used his position to foster stricter Reconstruction measures than the president desired; in addition Stanton acted as the secret representative, within the Cabinet, of the Radical Republicans in Congress, who were Johnson's bitter enemies. The situation finally became so untenable that Johnson tried to remove Stanton from office, but the stubborn secretary refused to be dismissed, claiming that the Tenure of Office Act—passed by the Radicals in Congress (1867) over the president's veto—protected his official position. Johnson's persistence resulted in his impeachment by an unsympathetic House of Representatives. When the Senate vote fell one short of conviction, Stanton had no alternative but to surrender his office (May 26, 1868) and return to private law practice. He died four days after his appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court by Pres. Ulysses S. Grant.

Copyright © 1994-2009 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. For more information visit Britannica.com.