Berlin Blockade
The Berlin Blockade was an attempt in 1948 by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain and France to travel to their sectors of Berlin, which lay within Russian-occupied East Germany.
In June 1948, the simmering tensions between the Soviet Union and its former allies in World War II, exploded into a full-blown crisis in the city of Berlin. Alarmed by the new U.S. policy of giving economic aid to Germany and other struggling European nations, as well as efforts by the Western Allies to introduce a single currency to the zones they occupied in Germany and Berlin, the Soviets blocked all rail, road and canal access to the western zones of Berlin. Suddenly, some 2.5 million civilians had no access to food, medicine, fuel, electricity and other basic goods.
Eventually, the western powers instituted an airlift that lasted nearly a year and delivered vital supplies and relief to West Berlin. The Berlin Blockade, and the Allied response in the form of the Berlin Airlift, represented the first major conflict of the Cold War.
A 1948 map detailing the Berlin Blockade, one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the western allies' railway, road and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control.
Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Postwar Division of Germany
At the end of World War II, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union divided the defeated Germany into four occupation zones, as outlined at the Yalta Conference in February 1945 and formalized at Potsdam later that year. Berlin, though located within the Soviet-occupied zone, was divided as well, with the Western part of the city in Allied hands and the east under Soviet control.
But if the agendas of the Soviet Union and its Western Allies had aligned in time of war, they soon began to diverge, particularly over the future of Germany. Led by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union wanted to punish Germany economically, forcing the country to pay war reparations and contribute its industrial technology to help postwar Soviet recovery. On the other hand, the Allies saw Germany’s economic recovery as crucial to preserving it as a democratic buffer against the spread of communism from Eastern Europe, over which Stalin had consolidated Soviet influence.
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
In March 1947, after communist rebellions arose in Greece and Turkey, U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced in a speech to Congress that the United States would henceforth “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures,” by giving them military aid. This policy, which became known as the Truman Doctrine, introduced a new era of global engagement for the United States and helped articulate the growing divide between between Western democracies and the Soviet Union.
That June, U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced the European Recovery Program, known as the Marshall Plan. This economic extension of the Truman Doctrine aimed to help Germany and other European nations rebuild after the ravages of war, foster loyalty among participating states to the United States and make them less vulnerable to the attraction of communism. Implemented in April 1948, the Marshall Plan directly opposed Stalin’s vision of the postwar world: He had hoped the United States would withdraw from Europe entirely, leaving the USSR as the dominant influence in the region.
Soviet Decision to Blockade Berlin
Over the first half of 1948, representatives from the United States, Britain and France met in London to discuss the future of Germany. As a result, the United States and Britain agreed to combine their occupied zones to create Bizonia, with the ultimate goal being a single, unified West German state incorporating the U.S., British and French-occupied zones of Germany and Berlin, with a single, stable currency.
When the Soviets learned of these plans in March 1948, they withdrew from the Allied Control Council, which had met since the end of the war to coordinate occupation policy between zones. In June, U.S. and British officials introduced the new currency, the Deutschmark, into Bizonia and West Berlin, without informing their Soviet counterparts. Viewing this as a violation of their postwar agreements, the Soviets immediately issued their own currency, the Ostmark, into Berlin and eastern Germany. That same day—June 24, 1948—they blocked all road, railway and canal access to the Allied-occupied zones of Berlin, announcing that the four-way administration of the city had come to an end.
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A group of German children stand atop building rubble, cheering a U.S. cargo airplane as it flies over a western section of Berlin. American and British forces airlifted food and supplies after Soviet forces surrounded and closed off the besieged city.
Bettmann Archive/Getty Images
Lasting Impact of the Blockade and the Allied Response
With their blockade, the Soviets cut some 2.5 million civilians in the three western sectors of Berlin off from access to electricity, as well as food, coal and other crucial supplies. Though the Red Army far outnumbered Allied military forces in and around Berlin, the United States and Britain retained control of three 20-mile-wide air corridors from West Germany into West Berlin, according to written agreements with the Soviet Union from 1945.
Beginning June 26, 1948, two days after the blockade was announced, U.S. and British planes carried out the largest air relief operation in history, transporting some 2.3 million tons of supplies into West Berlin on more than 270,000 flights over 11 months.
While Stalin had hoped the Berlin Blockade would force the Allies to abandon their efforts to create a West German state, the success of the Berlin Airlift confirmed such hopes were in vain. By May 1949, when the Soviets lifted the blockade, the crisis in Berlin had hardened the East/West division of Germany and all of Europe, ushering in the Cold War in earnest.
Sources
The Berlin Airlift, 1948-1949, U.S. Department State: Office of the Historian
The Berlin blockade and airlift, BBC Bitesize Guide
Berlin Blockade, PBS: American Experience
Benn Steil, The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War (Simon & Schuster, 2018)
Barry Turner, The Berlin Airlift: The Relief Operation that Defined the Cold War (Icon Books, 2017)
