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Garrett M. Graff, a journalist and historian, is the author of The Only Plane in the Sky: An Oral History of 9/11 and The Devil Reached Toward the Sky: An Oral History of the Making and Unleashing of the Atomic Bomb. He can be reached at garrett.graff@gmail.com.
The harrowing decision was made during the first hour after the attacks—by Vice President Cheney.