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  3. Ancient Middle East

Ancient Middle East

The ancient Middle East gave rise to some of the greatest empires in human history, including Mesopotamia, Babylonia, the Persian Empire and the Byzantine Empire.

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The Byzantine Emperor Welcoming Roussillon and Martel, 1468-1470. Artist: Loyset Liédet

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Byzantine Empire

Byzantium The term “Byzantine” derives from Byzantium, an ancient Greek colony founded by a man named Byzas. Located on the European side of the Bosporus (the strait linking the Black Sea to the Mediterranean), the site of Byzantium was ideally located to serve as a transit and trade point between Europe and Asia. In A.D. […]

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HISTORY: Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system that benefitted from the area’s climate and geography to host the beginnings of human civilization.

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Illustrated map depicting the journey of the Venetian merchant Marco Polo (1254 - 1324) along the silk road to China.

Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. Established when the Han Dynasty in China officially opened trade with the West in 130 B.C., the Silk Road routes remained in use until A.D. 1453, when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with China and closed them.

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HISTORY: The Persian Empire

Persian Empire

The Persian Empire is the name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern-day Iran that spanned several centuries—from the sixth century B.C. to the 20th century A.D. The first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great around 550 B.C., became one of the largest empires in history

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A close-up of the text of the Code of Hammurabi.

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How the Code of Hammurabi Influenced Modern Legal Systems

The collection of laws and regulations carved into stone thousands of years ago carries principles and ideas that are still applied today.

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Explore 10 Biblical Sites: Photos

These tantalizing archaeological finds may—or may not—offer material evidence of ancient locations, characters and stories written about in the Bible.

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Head of a high priestess with inlaid eyes Mesopotamia, Akkadian, Ur (modern Tell el-Muqayyar), area EH, south of gipar Akkadian period (ca. 2334–2154 BC) Alabaster, shell, lapis lazuli, and bitumen; 9.5 × 8 × 8.5 cm. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, USA, excavated 1926; B16228

The Earliest Known Author Was a Woman from Mesopotamia

A priestess named Enheduanna claimed authorship to poetry and other texts—sometimes in first-person—more than a millennium before Homer.

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Still photo from HISTORY® Channel's series 'Jesus: His Life'

The Bible Says Jesus Was Real. What Other Proof Exists?

Some argue that Jesus wasn’t an actual man, but within a few decades of his lifetime, he was mentioned by Jewish and Roman historians.

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Writing

The invention of written language replaced the oral tradition and allowed civilizations to store and share knowledge.

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History Lists: Ancient Empire Builders

Get an overview of the ancient leaders who oversaw the expansion and growth of civilizations around the world.

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1:03 minTV-PG

History Shorts: Hanukkah’s Celebration of Religious Freedom

While Hanukkah is a religious holiday, its story is rooted in a violent conflict that was very real.

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This Day in History


31 B.C.

The Battle of Actium

Ancient Middle East
323 B.C.

Alexander the Great dies

Ancient Middle East
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