Why Columbus Day Courts Controversy

More than 500 years after Christopher Columbus "discovered" the New World—kicking off centuries of exploration and colonization of the Americas—he is honored with a federal holiday on the second Monday of every October.

However, as historians have continued to dig into the life of Christopher Columbus, controversy has arisen over continuing to honor the Italian explorer as a hero. Like most European explorers and colonists, Columbus exploited Indigenous people during his voyages in the Americas.

There are three main sources of controversy involving the people he labeled “Indians”: the use of violence, murder and slavery; the forced conversion of native peoples to Christianity; and the introduction of several new diseases that would have dramatic, long-term effects on native people in the Americas.

On his famous first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed on an unknown Caribbean island after an arduous three-month journey.

On his first day in the New World, he ordered six of the natives to be seized, writing in his journal that he believed they would be good servants. Throughout his years in the New World, Columbus enacted policies of forced labor in which natives were put to work for the sake of profits. Later, Columbus sent thousands of peaceful Taino natives from the island of Hispaniola to be sold in Spain—but many died on the trans-Atlantic passage.

Those left behind were forced to search for gold in mines and work on plantations. Within 60 years after Columbus landed, only a few hundred of what may have been 250,000 Taino were left.

As governor and viceroy of the Indies, Columbus imposed iron discipline on what is now the Caribbean country of the Dominican Republic, according to documents discovered by Spanish historians in 2005. In response to native unrest and revolt, Columbus ordered a brutal crackdown in which many natives were killed.

To deter further rebellion, Columbus ordered their dismembered bodies to be paraded through the streets.

In addition to the controversy over enslavement and violent rule, the “Age of Exploration” that Columbus helped lead also brought new infectious diseases to the Americas, which would, over time, devastate the native populations.

In the broader sense, historians have used the phrase “Columbian exchange” to describe the exchange of plants, animals and goods between the East and West that his voyages sparked. Though the effects were widespread and cannot all be dismissed as negative, critics of Columbus have asserted that the worst aspects of this exchange added up to biological warfare.

Eventually, his brutal methods of exploitation caught up with Columbus. A number of settlers lobbied against him at the Spanish court, accusing Columbus of mismanagement. In 1500, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sent in a royal administrator, who detained Columbus and his brothers and had them shipped home.

Although Columbus regained his freedom and made a fourth and final voyage to the New World, he had lost his governorship and much of his prestige.

This historical record has cast Columbus' legacy under a cloud of controversy. Protests at Columbus Day parades, efforts to eliminate him from classroom curricula and calls for changing the federal holiday have all followed. Beginning in 1991, dozens of cities and several states began adopting alternative holidays such as Indigenous Peoples’ Day, an event that celebrates the history and contributions of Native Americans rather than those of Columbus.