By: HISTORY.com Editors

1989

Velvet Revolution begins in Czechoslovakia

Published: March 02, 2021Last Updated: January 31, 2025

On November 17, 1989, nine days after the fall of the Berlin Wall roughly 200 miles to the south, students gather en masse in Prague, Czechoslovakia to protest the communist regime. The demonstration sets off what will become known as the Velvet Revolution, the nonviolent toppling of the Czechoslovak government and one of a series of anti-communist revolutions that marked the late 1980s and early '90s.

Protesters chose November 17 because it was International Students Day, the 50th anniversary of a Nazi attack on the University of Prague that killed nine and saw 1,200 students sent to concentration camps. The Czechoslovak government, ruled by a single, Moscow-aligned communist party since the end of World War II, allowed almost no anti-government speech and harshly suppressed dissent, but it sanctioned the International Students Day march. Anti-government sentiment had become increasingly vocal in recent years, as the economy of the Soviet Bloc declined and democratic movements overthrew the communist regimes in Poland and Hungary.

Students chanting anti-government slogans packed the streets of Bratislava as well as Prague, where they were met with violence from the police (officially, there were no deaths). Despite the police repression, protests spread to other cities and grew exponentially. Theater workers went on strike, converting their stages to forums for public discussion, and the protests grew to include citizens from all walks of life. On November 20, 500,000 protestors demonstrated in Prague’s Wenceslas Square.

Within a few days of the initial protest, the writing was on the wall for one-party rule in Czechoslovakia. The Communist Party’s leadership resigned on November 28 and an anti-communist government was in power by December 10. Václav Havel, a writer and the nation’s most famous dissident, was elected president on December 29, becoming the last president of Czechoslovakia. In the following years, the Czech and Slovak regions of the country separated peacefully in what was dubbed the Velvet Divorce, and in 1993 Havel was elected the first president of the newly-formed Czech Republic.

When Soviet-Led Forces Crushed the 1968 ‘Prague Spring’

A 1968 attempt in Czechoslovakia to introduce liberal reforms was met with a violent invasion of Soviet-led troops.

By: Fred Frommer

Timeline

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1869

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1958

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1965

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