By: Stephanie Butler
From ancient Roman sausage to Nathan's Coney Island hot dog, the history of tubular meat may stretch back millennia.
The hot dog, a quintessential American summer grill food, has origins that may go back millennia.
Legend has it that its beginnings can be traced to the era of the notorious Roman emperor Nero, whose cook, Gaius, may have linked the first sausages. In ancient Rome, it was customary to starve pigs for one week before the slaughter. Gaius was watching over his kitchen when he realized that one pig had been brought out fully roasted, but somehow not cleaned.
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He stuck a knife into the belly to see if the roast was edible, and out popped the intestines: empty because of the starvation diet, and puffed from the heat. According to legend, Gaius exclaimed, “I have discovered something of great importance!” He stuffed the intestines with ground game meats mixed with spices and wheat.
While the story of Nero's cook has endured for centuries, sausages almost certainly predate the Roman Empire. Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that people were stuffing seasoned meat into animal intestines thousands of years earlier as a practical way to preserve food and make use of every part of a slaughtered animal. An Akkadian cuneiform tablet from Mesopotamia dating back roughly 4,000 years describes intestine casings filled with a meat mixture, making it one of the earliest known references to sausage. Ancient Chinese records also describe an early sausage made from goat and lamb, while Homer's Odyssey, written around the eighth century B.C., mentions blood-filled sausage roasting over a fire.
The sausage traveled across Europe, making its way eventually to present-day Germany. The Germans adopted the sausage as their own, creating scores of different versions to be enjoyed with beer and kraut. In fact, two German towns vie to be the original birthplace of the modern hot dog. Frankfurt claims the frankfurter was invented there over 500 years ago, in 1484, eight years before Columbus set sail for America. But the people of Vienna (Wien, in German) say they are the true originators of the “wienerwurst.”
No matter which town might have originated this particular sausage, it’s generally agreed that German immigrants in New York were the first to sell wieners, from a pushcart, in the 1860s.
The Taíno people, Indigenous to the Caribbean, used a wooden rack called the barbacoa to slowly cook meat.
The man most responsible for popularizing the hot dog in the United States was, however, neither German nor Austrian. His name was Nathan Handwerker, a Jewish immigrant from Poland. In 1915, Handwerker worked at a hot dog stand at Coney Island, where he made a whopping $11 a week slicing buns. The hardworking Handwerker lived entirely on hot dogs and slept on the kitchen floor for a year until he’d saved $300, enough to start a competing stand. He was a savvy businessman: Knowing his former boss charged 10 cents apiece for dogs, Handwerker charged only five cents. Customers flocked to him, and Nathan’s Famous was born.
By the Depression, Nathan’s hot dogs were known throughout the United States. In fact, they were so prized as delicious, all-American eats that they were even served to royalty. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt hosted King George VI of England and the queen at a picnic in Hyde Park in 1939, first lady Eleanor decided to make grilled hot dogs part of the menu, a choice that received much press coverage at the time.
One month before the picnic, Mrs. Roosevelt mentioned the hubbub in her syndicated newspaper column. “So many people are worried that the dignity of our county will be imperiled by inviting royalty to a picnic, particularly a hot dog picnic!” Ultimately, the hot dogs proved to be a great hit: The king enjoyed them so much that he asked for seconds.
Legend has it that a meatpacker from Troy, N.Y. may have been the inspiration. But the term may have predated him.
An 1861 trek laid the foundation for organized summer camps in the United States.
The Good Roads Movement, which gave America its highways, was started by a group of wealthy cyclists who were tired of muddy rides.
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