World War II

Learn why the holiday is so significant in Russia—and what distinguishes it from V-E Day.

Raising two fingers in a 'V' shifted in meaning from 'Victory' to 'Peace.' Track the change from World War II to the Vietnam War eras.

As Hitler bombed London, its citizens set up makeshift beds in rail cars, on escalators and even in tunnels to get a night's sleep.

Operation Pied Piper organized the evacuation of some 800,000 children from urban centers in anticipation of Nazi bombings.

On June 6, 1944, more than 156,000 American, British and Canadian troops executed the largest amphibious landing in history. Five veterans share their stories from that day.

From dead rats implanted with bombs, to a giant explosive wheel, these World War II weapons were creative, but not very successful.

On December 7, 1941, a surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor shocked America. These are the stories of veterans who were at the naval base that morning.

Roosevelt green-lit the Manhattan Project in response to fears that Nazi Germany might build a bomb first.

The first lady did what she could to support Japanese Americans during WWII—without appearing to defy FDR's Executive Order 9066.

On that infamous December day in 1941, Japan also attacked Guam, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaya.

The ascendance of plastics and television forever changed the industry.

The Office of Malaria Control in War Areas sought to curb malaria transmission in the United States.

As survivors of history’s only atomic bomb attacks, they made it a mission to warn the world about the horrors of nuclear war.

During WWII and beyond, blue ticket discharges carried powerful stigma—and serious negative consequences.

As members of the Ritchie Boys, German and Austrian refugees offered language skills and knowledge that proved vital to American military intelligence.

Neutrality was often more complex than simply avoiding choosing sides.

Mussolini, who coined the term fascism, crushed opposition with violence and projected an image of himself as a powerful, indispensable leader.

For centuries—and especially since World War II—countries have attempted to define the rules of war and determine punishment for violators.

The “Ghost Army” used creative tricks such as inflatable tanks and sound effects to dupe German forces.

The Nazis thought the Stalag Luft III camp was escape-proof, but 76 Allied airmen proved them wrong.

Fireside Chats. The 'Fight of the Century.' A live report from Pearl Harbor. These are just a few of the historic radio broadcasts that seemed to have the whole nation listening.

Motorcycle groups offered brotherhood and adventure for returning GIs, many of whom were still processing the horrors of war.

The tennis club's center court even took a direct hit from a 500-pound German bomb.

At least 12 Black chemists and physicists worked as primary researchers on the team that developed the technology behind the atomic bomb.

Federally-subsidized childcare centers took care of an estimated 550,000 to 600,000 children while their mothers worked wartime jobs.

Adolf Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next six years, the conflict took more lives and destroyed more land and property around the globe than any previous war. See a timeline of the war's battles.

Radar, computers, penicillin and more all came out of development during the Second World War.

Elizebeth Friedman’s codebreaking helped save the Queen Mary and capture a Nazi spy ringleader in Latin America.

Looking beyond traditional nursing or clerical roles, some women served as snipers, bomber pilots and more.

These pioneering Black aviators not only took on the Germans; they shattered racist stereotypes and helped advance civil rights.

Explore five defining events that led to the conclusion of World War II on September 2, 1945.

Before the 1945 atomic blasts, they were thriving cities. In a flash, they became desolate wastelands.

The explicit reason was to swiftly end the war with Japan. But it was also intended to send a message to the Soviets.

U.S. airmen were awarded five Medals of Honor for Operation Tidal Wave, a risky, low-flying bombing mission.

The campaign used fake news to shift U.S. opinion about going to war with Germany.

Tomoyuki Yamashita and the Führer had their own separate agendas. Later, they would share a mutual interest in gold.

After being hit by a Japanese suicide plane, the crew of the USS Comfort were forced to tend to their own.

Human fossils, an amber room and a Raphael masterpiece all went missing during WWII.

America's largest industry shifted from making cars to bombers, tanks and more—at unparalleled speed.

The punishing three-day Allied bombing attack, intended to force a German surrender, leveled the city and left tens of thousands dead.

'After Auschwitz, the human condition is no longer the same. After Auschwitz, nothing will ever be the same.' —Elie Wiesel.

Estimates suggest that Nazis murdered 85 percent of the people at Auschwitz. Here are the stories of three who survived.

Under cripplingly cold winter conditions, American troops proved their mettle.

The mighty clash between Japanese and U.S. naval forces in June 1942 ended in a stunning—and surprising—Allied victory.

Advanced intelligence helped the Allies turn the tables on Japan in this crucial World War II naval battle.

Ralph Lazo wasn’t of Japanese descent, but he spent spent two years at Manzanar in solidarity with his friends.

From a trove of Fabergé eggs to Nazi-stolen gold dumped in a lake, these supposedly missing stashes have captured the imagination of explorers the world over. But are they the stuff of fantasy?

It was a daring and massive offensive into the Nazi-occupied Netherlands that ultimately became a costly failure.

The fire prevention icon was born of national paranoia about enemy-initiated wildfires.

Fed up with Hitler, though only partially for moral reasons, high-level German resisters nearly succeeded in assassinating him in July 1944.

The sweeping bill promised prosperity to veterans. So why didn’t Black Americans benefit?

Embodying patriotism and strength, American women stepped into roles once closed off to them to support the war efforts on the home front and abroad.

This multimedia journey tells the story of June 6, 1944, and the unlikely triumph at Normandy that would go down in history.

Waverly Woodson treated at least 200 injured men on D-Day, despite being injured, himself.

Allied military leaders knew that casualties on D-Day could be staggeringly high. Historians are still calculating the death toll.

Eichmann, a chief mastermind of the Holocaust, escaped to South America after World War II. Israel's secret service was determined to root him out—and make him pay.

First came the diamond-filled golden Buddha and the box of gold bars. Then came the torture.

Kurt Gerstein's official mission: ‘improve the service of our gas chambers.’ His personal mission: opportunistic sabotage.

Anticipating the Allied arrival, German researchers hid their files inside a watertight drum and sunk it into a cesspool.

After 77 years, the exact location of the World War II stinger has been discovered.

Over 600,000 'enemy aliens' were singled out during the early days of the war.

Marcel Marceau saved at least 70 Jewish children from the Nazis through risky border crossings during World War II, and his cousin Georges Loinger saved 350.

Declassified files suggest that before bombs fell in the day of “infamy,” Harry Dexter White helped set the wheels of war in motion. But did he?

On the morning of December 7, 1941 Paul Kennedy found himself staring straight at an incoming Japanese aircraft.

Not until nearly three years after the bombing of Pearl Harbor did Japan adopt suicide aerial attacks as official military strategy.

The surprise Japanese assault inflicted heavy losses but failed to strike a decisive blow.

The war had turned forestry work into a form of civil defense, and prisoners a new army on the home front.

Soldiers and civilians let out a collective sigh of relief—and then celebrated—after Germany's and then Japan's surrender.

The Allies had won the war, but thousands of U.S. troops were fed up.

Joachim Ronneberg was humble about the almost suicidal operation he led at age 23.

As the U.S. sent troops to the front lines, artists were recruited to encourage those at home to do their part.

Many Allied bombings released the equivalent energy of 300 lightning strikes and temporarily weakened the ionosphere, say researchers.

The drawings were in the stash of Hildebrand Gurlitt, the head buyer for Adolf Hitler’s planned Führermuseum.

While the war raged overseas, soldiers and civilians worked furiously to protect the capital against rising waters.

The party began after Japan officially surrendered, and included a very iconic kiss.

The U.S. occupation of the Ogasawara, or Bonin, Islands was anything but simple.

The message had been carved into the ground along Ireland's coast and was revealed as the fire scorched undergrowth.

In preparation for war, Hitler wanted to find substitutes for fat-based products—including margarine—in case imported sources were cut off.

'There were a lot of sharks,' says one of the survivors of the USS Indianapolis sinking, the worst sea disaster in the U.S. Navy's history. 'So many.'

The vehicles could deliver supplies from ship to shore, but couldn’t cut it in rough waters.

Getting the perfect shot in wartime is not only about weapons. Photographers were there every step of the way to capture the heroic triumphs and devastating losses.

How did women's service during World War II inspire their fight for social change and equality?

Chief Justice Roberts wrote in a court decision that 'Korematsu was gravely wrong the day it was decided,' but that didn’t overrule the 1944 decision endorsing Japanese internment.

Austria’s national squad had been known as the 'Wunderteam,' but when conscripted to play for Germany, they were less impressive.

As the war dragged on, creator Anthony Pratt longed for the fun of English country-estate murder-mystery parties, where guests would skulk the hallways, shriek and fall ‘dead’ on the floor.

An actual soldier named Fritz Niland was targeted to be saved by a U.S. War Department 'sole-survivor' directive designed to keep families from losing all of their sons.

Over 240 men and women volunteered for what might have seemed to be a suicidal mission.

British intelligence called Juan Pujiol Garcia 'Agent Garbo' because he was so good at assuming new identities.

Virginia Hall, a.k.a. the ‘Limping Lady,’ organized sabotage and rescue operations across Vichy France, paving the way for the Allied invasion.

An analysis of Adolf Hitler's teeth and bones puts to rest questions of how he died.

Historically, crocodile attacks are 100 times deadlier than shark attacks—and far more frequent—ranging from harrowing individual confrontations to a mass attack on World War II soldiers.

The Allied invasion of June 6, 1944 was one of the biggest and most significant military campaigns in history.

The War Department commissioned the creme de la creme of Hollywood, including Dr. Seuss and Mel Blanc, to create the 'Private Snafu' film franchise.

The Ringelblum Archive was saved just one day before the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.

By the time the first Japanese bomber appeared over Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, tensions between Japan and the United States had been mounting for the better part of a decade, making war seem inevitable.

The Los Alamos Historical Museum halted a Japanese exhibition on the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki because of a controversy over its message of abolishing nuclear weapons.

Dozens of government-funded films were created, and their impact went well beyond recruiting soldiers to the frontlines.

Germany settled its war debts decades ago. So why do Polish officials want more?

Stanislawa Leszczyńska was instructed to murder babies, but refused. She is a candidate for sainthood in the Catholic church.

When women were asked to sign on to factories, they responded in droves. Unfortunately, this caused new "problems" for men, who had no idea how to interact with them in the workplace.

Using the term 'Polish death camp' is now punishable by up to three years in prison.

Where is Dunkirk? Dunkirk is located in the north of France, on the shores of the North Sea near the Belgian-French border. The Strait of Dover, where the distance between England and France is just 21 miles across the English Channel, is located to the...

Naomi Parker Fraley, the inspiration behind Rosie the Riveter, died in January 2018.

In some cases, it took four or five decades to bring them to justice.

They literally tried to take the Christ out of Christmas.

Hitler’s war against Boy Scouts fueled the Third Reich’s ideology—and its military might.

What it was like to be a sailor during the Pearl Harbor attack.

Starving Soviets couldn’t resist the smell of Finnish cooking.

The Geneva Convention, initially held in 1864, sparked a series of international agreements regarding the humane treatment of prisoners of war.

How Hershel 'Woody' Williams used his flamethrowing prowess to become an American hero.

The country's military is disobedient by design.

The Zoot Suit Riots of 1943 were violent clashes in which U.S. servicemen, police officers and civilians brutalized Latinos and other minorities in Los Angeles.

The atomic bomb and nuclear bombs, powerful weapons that use nuclear reactions as their source of explosive energy, are regulated by international agreements.

Computer programming used to be a ‘pink ghetto’—so it was underpaid and undervalued.

The loss of USS Indianapolis was famously memorialized in the movie "Jaws."

After leading development of the first atomic bomb, J. Robert Oppenheimer called for international controls on nuclear weapons. It cost him his job.

America Declares War The agencies leading up to the Manhattan Project were first formed in 1939 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after U.S. intelligence operatives reported that scientists working for Adolf Hitler were already working on a nuclear wea...

A massive cache of original Nazi artifacts—including a photo of Adolf Hitler and a ghoulish cranial-measurement device—was found in a secret room in a Buenos Aires suburb.

Even before the US entered World War II, German military intelligence had developed a plan to secretly infiltrate the East Coast and sabotage American war efforts.

Countless history books, TV documentaries and feature films made about World War II, many accept a similar narrative of the war in the West, which may not be entirely accurate.

The fiasco was initially covered up to ensure the D-Day mission remained secret.

The atomic bomb made its national tv debut in 1952.

A new book delves into the real story of how the Allies confronted the Holocaust.

A little more than four months after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, the United States struck back on April 18, 1942, with the daring Doolittle Raid.

After relic hunter Dan Mackay discovered 14,000 dog tags mysteriously buried in a field outside London, he set out on a quest to reunite the artifacts with the families of the British soldiers who were meant to wear them.

On February 25, 1942, an infamous false alarm saw American military units unleash a torrent of anti-aircraft fire in the skies over Los Angeles.

Actor George Takei reflects on a lifetime of activism, the legacy of Japanese American incarceration camps and the spirit of 'gaman.'

Convicted of treason for her infamous “Tokyo Rose” propaganda broadcasts during World War II, American Iva Toguri eventually spent nearly three decades waiting for her name to be cleared.

Introduced in 1941, the strong, courageous and feminine new superhero had both pin-up girl looks and Rosie the Riveter spirit.

Hours before enemy planes filled the skies above Pearl Harbor, Japanese midget submarines were already lurking below water in a little-known aspect of the attack.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government undertook a secret operation to hide the Constitution, Declaration of Independence and other treasured American artifacts.

The Japanese attack caught the U.S. Navy off guard but ultimately failed to cripple its war effort at sea, thanks to a massive salvage effort that began almost as soon as the smoke cleared.

During the attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. pilots George Welch and Kenneth Taylor managed to get airborne under fire—twice—and shot down at least six Japanese planes between them.

An explosive bestseller mined the records of Adolf Hitler’s personal doctor, among other sources, to uncover details of the long-rumored drug use by many in the Nazi regime.

As a young man, Hitler was a struggling artist who had little money and spent time living in hostels. He fought in World War I then became active in the recently formed Nazi Party. Following the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, in which Hitler and his Nazi cohorts launched a failed coup against the […]

The post-World War II trials marked the first-ever prosecutions for genocide and crimes against humanity.

Newly declassified files have revealed how one of Britain’s greatest double agent’s marital troubles threatened his cover and could have altered the course of World War II.

When German forces closed in around the Soviet city of Leningrad in September 1941, a siege began that would last nearly 900 days and claim the lives of 800,000 civilians.

Meet the history teacher-turned-Resistance heroine who outwitted the Gestapo and rescued her husband (more than once) from captivity.

On April 30, 2019, Akihito became the first ruler to abdicate the Chrysanthemum Throne in two centuries. His son Naruhito succeeded him.

Look back at one of the most epic nautical chases and battles in naval history, the sinking of the mighty Nazi battleship Bismarck.

Battling pernicious racial stereotypes about their fitness for combat, the Tuskegee Airmen more than proved their skill and valor in World War II.

Explore the children’s author’s little-known work penning political cartoons and producing propaganda films during World War II.

From the Army’s Green Berets to Navy SEALs, Air Force Air Commandos, Marine Corps Raiders and beyond, Special Ops forces are the elite of the U.S. military.

From the man who led the evacuation of USS Arizona to the fighter pilot who took to the skies in his pajamas, learn the stories of eight of the many servicemen who distinguished themselves on one of the darkest days in American military history.

Hostility toward minority communities fueled the L.A. Zoot Suit riots during the wartime summer of 1943.

A decision to add Anne Frank’s father as a co-author on her famous diary in order to extend its European copyright is stirring considerable controversy.

Despite ongoing efforts to bring them to justice, many former Nazis have avoided prosecution for their role in the Holocaust, as well as other wartime atrocities.

In order to prevent enemy sabotage at home during World War II, the U.S. government secretly enlisted the help of an unlikely partner.

Talk about 'death by chocolate.' Drawings reveal Nazi booby traps made from everyday items, including a chocolate bomb meant for the British Prime Minister.

Some 260,000 people survived the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki—Tsutomu Yamaguchi was one of the very few who endured the horror of both.

The battle was the first to be fought solely in the air—and it decided the fate of Great Britain during World War II.

The nearly three-month battle for Okinawa was the last—and the bloodiest—clash between Japanese and U.S. forces in the Pacific during World War II.

How five different countries greeted the end of World War II in Europe.

Japan’s bizarre WWII plan to bomb the continental U.S. by high-altitude balloons claimed its first and only victims—an Oregon church group in 1945.

From a beer hall skirmish to a conspiracy by a cabal of Nazi dissidents, learn the stories behind six assassins who nearly succeeded in killing Hitler.

How did Italy's wartime dictator die? And what happened to his corpse afterward?

After an eight-year search, a research team sponsored by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen has discovered the shipwreck of the massive Japanese battleship Musashi.

A look back at one of the most hard-fought battles of World War II.

The 19-year-old U.S. soldier personally killed or wounded some 50 German troops, earning the Medal of Honor for one of WWII's most astonishing battlefield actions.

Learn about six fascinating double agents, from the FBI counterspy who brought down a major espionage ring in the United States to the operative who fooled the Nazis about D-Day.

Learn eight fascinating facts about one of the most celebrated American servicemen of World War II.

Winston Churchill called it 'undoubtedly the greatest American battle' of World War II.

From baseball player Moe Berg to “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory” author Roald Dahl, learn about six famous people who once were wartime secret agents.

On the 70th anniversary of his death get the facts on the famed “Desert Fox.”

Newly released WWII files confirm the existence of a legendary seductive spy and reveal more about one of Britain’s most notorious traitors.

The Nazi offensive began with a bang—many of them—and led to a global conflict that would span six years.

In search of a lightweight, nutritious and high-energy snack for soldiers, the U.S. Army turned to Hershey. The results weren't exactly a sweet treat.

Get the facts on five D-Day beaches—code-named Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword—that the Allies invaded.

The massive Normandy landings required optimal weather conditions. That wasn't the case on June 5, the original chosen day of attack.

Find out more about the sophisticated hoax that fooled the Nazis and laid the groundwork for the Normandy invasion.

The meaning behind the "D" in D-Day has to do with military terminology.

From a beloved comic to an exotic burlesque performer, get the lowdown on the military careers of nine notable World War II vets.

Learn 10 surprising facts about the outspoken American general who fought in both World Wars.

Explore 10 surprising facts about the controversial five-star American general who fought in two World Wars and Korea.

Meet six of history's most fascinating rogue military leaders.

On September 30, 1938, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain received a rowdy homecoming after signing a peace pact with Nazi Germany.

Find out more about six World War II broadcasters who used the radio waves as a weapon.

A new cemetery in Russia will be the final resting place of 70,000 Wehrmacht soldiers killed on the Eastern Front.

The Nazis thought they'd scored a fortuitous intelligence coup. Turns out, they'd fallen hard for a hoax.

The German surrender during World War II was one of the most momentous events of the 20th century. Check out some surprising facts about how it went down.

Explore nine things you may not know about “Il Duce” and his 21 years in power.

The Germans and Japanese waged small-scale campaigns of bombing, sabotage and espionage.

In 1942, what many consider the last major cavalry charge took place in the Soviet Union.

While the Battle of Midway raged, Allied fighters in the Aleutian Islands quietly captured a Japanese fighter plane that helped them win World War II.

Find out more about the distinguished squad of all-Black flyers.

Explore little-known facts about the "date which will live in infamy."

Explore the lives of 10 daring and intriguing covert agents you might not have read about in history books.

Told he wouldn’t live past 50, the oldest known American survivor of the brutal Bataan Death March during World War II, died Sunday at 105.

Japan has vowed to locate the remains of an estimated 12,000 troops still missing since the Battle of Iwo Jima.

Adolf Hitler may have had Jewish and African ancestors, according to a recent DNA study by Belgian researchers.

The G.I. Bill— officially known as the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944—was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools.

Rosie the Riveter was the star of a campaign aimed at recruiting female workers for defense industries during World War II. Artist Normal Rockwell's cover image of Rosie, made in 1943, became, perhaps the most iconic image of working women.

The Trinity Test was the first detonation of an atomic bomb by scientists at a test site of the U.S. Air Force base at Alamogordo, New Mexico, in 1945.

Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945), was the Reich Minister of Propaganda of Nazi Germany. He was charged with presenting Hitler to the public in the most favorable light, regulating the content of all German media and fomenting anti-Semitism. On May 1, 1945, the day after Hitler committed suicide, Goebbels and his wife poisoned their six children and then killed themselves.

On the home front during World War II, life in the U.S. was changed by rationing, defense production, women’s jobs and popular radio and movie entertainment.

American women served in World War II in many roles: as pilots, nurses, civil service employees, and in many home-front jobs that were formerly denied to them.

The Nuremberg trials were a series of 13 trials carried out in Nuremberg, Germany, between 1945 and 1949 to try those accused of Nazi war crimes. The defendants, who included Nazi Party officials and high-ranking military officers, etc., were indicted on such charges as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.

The “Schutzstaffel” (German for “protective echelon”) was founded in 1925 and served as Nazi Party leader Adolf Hitler’s (1889-1945) personal bodyguards. They later became one of the most powerful and feared organizations in all of Nazi Germany.

The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II.

The Italian Campaign, from July 10, 1943, to May 2, 1945, was a series of Allied beach landings and land battles from Sicily and southern Italy up the Italian mainland toward Nazi Germany during World War II.

The Allies Target Italy When the Allies won the North African Campaign on May 13, 1943, a quarter-million German and Italian troops surrendered at Tunisia, on the north coast of Africa. With the huge Allied army and navy in the southern Mediterranean no...

On August 6, 1945, during World War II (1939-45), an American B-29 bomber dropped the world’s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima, immediately killing 80,000 people. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing an estimated 40,000 people.

A Controversial Attack By the end of February 1944, Allied forces had gained control of the Marshall Islands in the western Pacific Ocean and moved on to the Marianas, where 20,000 U.S. troops–by far the largest force used in a Pacific operation thus fa...

Leading Up to Battle During the first few months after World War II expanded into the Pacific in late 1941, Japan scored victory after victory, taking control of islands ranging from the Aleutians (off the coast of Alaska) to the Philippines. In January...

The Marshall Islands and the U.S. “Island-Hopping” Strategy The peace settlement that ended the First World War gave Japan a mandate over the Marshall Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. Kwajalein, in the Ralik (western) chain of the Marshalls, was th...

The Battle of Tarawa stemmed from the difficult but successful attempt by U.S. forces to take the Japanese-held island of Betio in the Tarawa Atoll in 1943.

U.S. Commanders Focus on Taking Saipan In the spring of 1944, U.S. forces involved in the Pacific Campaign invaded Japanese-held islands in the central Pacific Ocean along a path toward Japan. An armada of 535 U.S. ships with 127,000 troops, including 7...

World War II's Battle of Attu was waged between American and Japanese forces for control of the Japanese-occupied Alaskan Island in May 1943.

Japan Seizes American Soil In June 1942, six months after the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, that drew the U.S. into World War II, the Japanese targeted the Aleutians, an American-owned chain of remote, sparsely inhabited, volcanic islands ext...

The Battle of Britain in World War II, between Britain’s Royal Air Force and Nazi Germany’s Luftwaffe, was the first battle in history fought solely in the air.

The Tuskegee Airmen were the first black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps (AAC), a precursor of the U.S. Air Force. Trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, they flew more than 15,000 individual missions in Europe and North Africa during World War II.

The Battle of Stalingrad was a brutal military campaign between Russian forces and those of Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II. Germany's defeat in the battle marked a turning point of the war in favor of the Allies.

At the 1945 Potsdam Conference, U.S. President Truman, Soviet leader Stalin and British Prime Minister Churchill negotiated political goals after World War II.

The Nazi Party was a political organization that ruled Germany through murderous, totalitarian means from 1933 to 1945 under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was a non-aggression pact signed in 1939 by former enemies Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union shortly before World War II broke out.

July Plot: Background Since the late 1930s, there had been repeated attempts by various groups in the German resistance to assassinate Adolf Hitler and overthrow the Nazis. As time went on, Hitler became increasingly suspicious and more heavily guarded,...

Jimmy Doolittle: Early Years James Harold “Jimmy” Doolittle was born in Alameda, California, but spent much of his childhood in western Alaska. His father, Frank, was a gold prospector and carpenter in Nome, where young Jimmy learned to fight bullies an...

Hirohito was emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He oversaw the country during World War II and the bombings at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

George S. Patton (1885-1945) was a high-ranking WWII general, who led the U.S. 7th Army in its invasion of Sicily and northern France in the summer of 1944. Patton began his military career leading cavalry troops against Mexican forces and became the first officer assigned to the new U.S. Army Tank Corps during World War I.

Francisco Franco (1892-1975) ruled Spain as a military dictator from 1939 until his death. He rose to power during the bloody Spanish Civil War when his Nationalist forces overthrew the democratically elected Second Republic. Adopting the title of “El Caudillo” (The Leader), Franco persecuted political opponents and censured the media, among other abuses. Upon his death the country transitioned to democracy.

In the Bataan Death March of World War II, 75,000 Filipino and U.S. troops made a hellish 65-mile march to prison camps, but about 17,000 were killed en route.

The British/American bombing of Dresden took place between February 13-15, 1945 during the final months of World War II. The bombing was controversial because Dresden—a historic city located in eastern Germany—was neither important to German wartime production nor a major industrial center.

The Atlantic Charter is considered one of the first key steps toward the establishment of the United Nations. In August 1941, the U.S. and Great Britain set out a vision for the postwar world. In January 1942, a group of 26 Allied nations pledged their support for this declaration.

Warsaw Ghetto Shortly after the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, more than 400,000 Jews in Warsaw, the capital city, were confined to an area of the city that was little more than 1 square mile. In November 1940, this Jewish ghetto was seale...

World War II was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. Rising to power in an unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi Party) rearmed the nation and signed treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler’s invasion of Poland drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, and World War II had begun. The majority of the world's countries eventually formed two opposing alliances: the Allies and the Axis.

The Yalta Conference of 1945 was an historic meeting of three World War II allies: U.S. President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Churchill and Soviet Premier Stalin.

General Tôjô Hideki (1884-1948) served as Japan’s prime minister during most of World War II. At the end of the war, he was sentenced to death for war crimes.

Erwin Rommel was a German army officer who rose to the rank of field marshal and earned fame at home and abroad for his leadership of Germany’s Afrika Korps in North Africa during World War II. Nicknamed “the Desert Fox,” Rommel also commanded German defenses against the Allied invasion of northern France.

Pearl Harbor is a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii, that was the scene of a devastating surprise attack by Japanese forces on December 7, 1941. The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan.

In the Battle of Okinawa, the last major battle of World War II and one of the deadliest, U.S. troops overran Japanese resistance to take the island of Okinawa.

Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler’s codename for Nazi Germany’s massive 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, was ultimately a costly failure.

Benito Mussolini, an Italian political leader who allied himself with Adolf Hitler during World War II, became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925-1945.

The Battle of Midway was an epic WWII clash between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The U.S. Navy’s decisive victory in the air-sea battle (June 3-6, 1942) dashed Japan’s hopes of neutralizing the United States as a naval power and effectively turned the tide of World War II in the Pacific.

George C. Marshall (1880-1959) was one of the most decorated military leaders in American history. A graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, he was a World War I staff officer and later became assistant commandant at the U.S. Infantry School. Named...

The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany to prevent a German invasion, failed completely during World War II.

Douglas MacArthur was a five-star American U.S. general who commanded the Pacific forces in World War II, oversaw the occupation of Japan and led U.N. forces in the Korean War.

The Lend-Lease Act of 1941 allowed the U.S. government to lend or lease war supplies to any nation vital to U.S. defense, such as Britain during World War II.

Germany’s Epic Defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad By June 1942, Hitler had advanced into the Soviet Union and hoped to easily take the strategic city of Stalingrad, the namesake city of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. But Stalin rallied both Russian troops...

Japanese internment camps were established during World War II by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, be incarcerated.

The Battle of Iwo Jima (February 19 – March 26, 1945) was an epic military campaign between U.S. Marines and the Imperial Army of Japan during World War II. American forces succeeded in securing the island, which was considered to have great tactical importance for its airfields.

Adolf Hitler was leader of the Nazi Party who rose to become dictator of Germany. Hitler used his power to orchestrate the deaths of 6 million Jews and millions of others during World War II.

Although most Americans, preoccupied with the war, remained unaware of the terrible plight of European Jewry at the time, American and British Jewish organizations pressured their governments to take action as they heard early reports about the Holocaust.

Codenamed Operation Overlord, the invasion began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along the heavily fortified coast of France’s Normandy region during World War II. The operation was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and has been called the beginning of the end of war in Europe.

Omar N. Bradley was a senior U.S. Army officer who served as field commander of American soldiers during the Allied invasion of Normandy on D-Day and led Allied troops as they drove into Germany near the end of World War II.

The Battle of the Bulge took place in December 1944, after Adolf Hitler launched a surprise blitzkrieg against Allied Forces in northwest Europe. Caught off-guard, American units fought to stem the German advance. As the Germans pushed through American defenses, the front line took on the appearance of a large bulge, giving rise to the battle’s name.

Blitzkrieg, or “lightning war,” is a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using highly mobile ground and air forces.

From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan’s devastating surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, capped a decade of deteriorating relations between Japan and the United States and led to...